Conduit



May-14, 1935. R. v. PRoc-roR E- AL CONDUIT Filed Feb. 13, 1932 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 l Mayu, 1935. RwRTQR En; 2.001315v CONDUIT Filed Feb; 13, 1932 n. v. PRofcTc-:R `s-r AL CONDUIT Filed Feb. 13, 1932 May I4, 1935.

6 Sheets-Sheet 4 May 14, 1935. n -v. PRocToR Er AL 2,001,315

GQNDUITY I Filed Feb. 1s. 1952 s sheets-sheet -5 W M f n 9%\J o o N ol IWIIII MII.. lo I flllllllilalfl I1 l n o o Wm wmf wm, NSN o... o" n o o h6\\ m%\ c www hm@ E o o n Q o +I |||||1||| l l l l lll l Il! 1li I I l l n o o o o o n .OQ\

May 14, 1935 K R. v. PRocToR Er AL 2,001,315I

' INVEN-rog Patented May' 14, 193s PATENT vori-ICE CONDUIT Robert V. Proctor and Charles B. Cushwa,

Youngstown, Ohio, assignors to The Commercial shearing & Stamping Company, Yonngstown, Ohio, 'a corporation of Ohio Application `lVebi't/iary 13,- 1932, Serial No. .592,718

3 Claims.

tion is applicable to conduits4 which must withstand either internal or external pressure.

The conduit is formed from curved liner plates secured end to end to form a circumferential course,`the adjacent courses also being' connected4 to form the length of the conduit. The liner plates of each course are provided with cutout portions so that the cement which is sprayed against them will bond through the openings. The plates act as a target for the sprayed cement, remaining in the finished conduit and acting as reinforcement therefor.

In the accompanying. drawings, whichv illustrate several embodiments of our invention,

Figure l is a transverse section through the conduit, the view being shown on a much smaller scale than the other figures;

Figure 2 is a partial plan view of two liner plates illustrating the manner of connecting the ends thereof in order to withstand internal pressure; f

' Figure 3 is a sectional view taken on the line III-III of Figure 2, a portion of the lining being shown with cement applied thereto;

.Figure 4 is an enlarged sectional view taken on the line IV-IV of Figure 2, also showingl cement applied to the lining; i

Figure 5 is a partial plan view similar to Figure 2 illustrating a modified form of liner plate;

Figure 6 is a partial section and partial side elevation of the lining shown in Figure 5 with cement appliedtq the lining;

Figure l is a partial longitudinal section through va completed conduit illustrating the use of corrugated sheets instead of liner plates.

Figure 8 is a view similar to Figure 7 illustrating a different form of liner plates;

Figure 9 is a partial plan view of the liner platesshown in Figure 8, the cement being eliminated; i

Figure 10 is a longitudinal section througha completed conduit illustrating circumferential reinforcing ribs between the different courses of liner plates;

Figures 1l, 12, 13 and 14 are sectional details illustrating diiierent types of circumferential relnforcing ribs;

Figure is a plan view of a plate from which a modified type of liner plate is pressed, having bars welded to the ends thereof to increase the eiiiciency of the joint between the vplates in a course; e

Figure 16 is a section on the line XVI- XVI in Figure 15 after the side flanges have been formed, showing reinforcing means and cement applied to a portion of the liner plate; and

Figures 17 to 25, inclusive, illustrate different types of joints between the plates making up a circumferential course.

Referring more particularly to Figures 1 to 4 of the drawings, the conduit comprises a plurality of liner plates 2 overlapped and secured at their ends to form a circumferential course of plates. These plates provide a target against and through which cement 3 is sprayed to cover the inside and outside of the lining.

The conduit of the present invention is particularly adapted for withstanding internal pressure such as it would be subjected to if used as a water conduit. The head 4of water which isfsometimes quite large, exerts considerable internal pressure on the lining. The liner plates 2 used in forming the circumferential courses have a curved body 4 and side flanges 5. The side flanges are provided with holes 6 into which bolts may Ybe inserted in order to connect the adjacent circumferential courses in order to complete the conduit. One end 1 of each liner plate is at and fits into a recess or offset portion 8 formed in the opposite end of the adjacent plate. The overlapped ends 'l and 8 are secured by'bolts-S and nuts l0. The holes I2 into which the bolts t are made slightly larger than the threaded portion I3 of the bolts, but are of the same size as the swelled-out portion I4 of the bolt shank. As the nuts, Ill are screwed onto the bolts, the bolts are drawn down so that the swelled-out portion I4 of the bolt shank'completely fills the opening in the liner plates, thereby eliminating any looseness in the joint and insuring that tension will be transmitted across the joint without substantial deformation of theuliner.` Washers I5 may be used between the nut and end of the plate. The plates are provided with fcutouts I8 so that the cement will bond through. I

- In forming la conduit, the liner plates arevoverlapped at their ends and are securedto form a circumferential course of plates. Othercircumferential courses of yplates are secured tothe first course by passing bolts through the openings 6 in the side anges and securing them. Cement is applied by spraying it from a gun, using the liner plates as a target, the cement bonding through the openings I8 provided in the liner plates. No forms other than the plates themselves are needed in applying the cement. The plates, in addition to acting as a target for the sprayed Icement, act as reinforcements and form an integral part of the finished conduit. Instead of spraying the cement, it may be applied by a trowel or other tool, although spraying is preferred.

In Figures 5 and 6, which illustrateanother embodiment of the invention, liner plates 20 having side anges 2| are secured together by means of bolts 22 in a manner similar to that already described. ITheplates havel corrugations 23 extending longitudinally thereof and, therefore, circumferentially of the conduit. Instead of simply cutting out portions of the plates in order to allow the cement to bond therethrough, in this embodiment the cutout portions are bent to form,

short distance -to form a support for expanded metal reinforcement 28 which lies on the outside of the liner plates. Reinforcing rods 29 extend longitudinally of the conduit for taking longitudinal stresses and compensating for contraction and expansion due -to changes in temperature. Fabricated metal such as expanded metal, or other reinforcement may be used in place of or in addition to the rods 29 if desired.

The cement is sprayed against the liner plates as a target as previously described to embed the liner plates and the various reinforcements therein.

In the construction illustrated in Figure '7, corrugated sheets 30 are used to form the lining in place of plates. These 'corrugated sheets are overlapped at their ends, as described in connection with the previous embodiments, to form a circumferential course. lAdjacent courses are made by overlapping the sides of the sheets and securing the overlapped portions by means of bolts 3|. The sheets are formed with cutouts which are bent inwardly or outwardly to form lugsl 32 and 33 for supporting inner and outerl expanded metal reinforcements 34 and 35 which are secured to the lugs by wires 36. Cement is applied as previously described after the corrugated sheets and reinforcing meanshave been assembled. L

In the embodimentillustrated in Figures 8 and 9, the plates 40 have embossments 4| extending circumferentially of kthe conduit. These embossments, instead of extending continuously throughout substantially the whole length of a plate, are made much shorter than in the previous embodiments so as to provide at spaces 42 between them to break up longitudinal stresses in the plates. The plates are bent at one side only to form a flange 43, the opposite side 44 being unflanged. The portion 44 is lapped over the flange 43 of an adjacent plate and secured thereto by bolts 45. The side overlap of the adjacent plates offers resistance to longitudinal as well as circumferential stresses. Lugs 46 and 41 are formed by bending cutout` portions as previously described, the lugs acting as supports for expanded metal reinforcements 48 and-49 as previously described. z

are provided with side flanges 52. Portions of the plates are cut out and bent inwardly and outwardly to form lugs 53 and 54 which support expanded metal reinforcements 55 and 56, the reinforcements being secured to the lugs by wires 51.

Circumferential reinforcing ribs 58 are secured to the side flanges 52 of the plates which make up adjacent circumferential courses. In the form shown in Figure 10, the circumferential ribs are I-beams, the web 59 of which extends between and is connected to the side lflanges 52 by bolts 60, while the head 6| extends outwardly beyond the plates and is secured thereto by bolts 62. Instead of using I-'beams as the circumferential ribs, we may use ribs of any other suitable shape, for example T-irons, channels, angles,

Z-bars or flat bars, and the plates may be connected either to the inner or outer ange of the ribs if anged ribs are used.

In Figures 11, 12, 13 and 14, other circumferential-reinforcing rib constructions are shown. The plates in these cases, instead of having side anges,are flat. In Figure 11, an I-beam 1| is used as thev circumferential rib. The flangek 12 of the I-beam lies inside of the plates 13 and is secured thereto by bolts 14, while in Figure 12, thefflange 15 lies outside of the plate 16.

Figures 13Vand 14 illustrate the use of channels. The flange of the channel 8| in Figure 13 lies insideof the two plates 82,while in Figure 14 the flange 83 of the channel 84 is inserted between thel plates and secured by bolts 86. u 1

Referring to Figures 15 and 16, the plate I90 hasside flanges 9| provided with bolt holes 92, the bolt holes in the opposite flanges being staggered so as to decrease the` amount of metal cut out in any transverse section through ,the plate.

The plate is slit longitudinally as indicated by the reference numeral 93 and the slit portions of the plate are bent to form loops 94 and 95 shown in Figure 16. This construction of the loops is .somewhat similar to the lugs 24 and 25 shown in Figures 5 and 6,'except that instead of cutting one end of the slit portion so as to provide a free end as shown in-Figures 5 and 6, in the present embodiment longitudinal slits 93 only are formed', and the loops 94 and 95 remain connected at4 each end 96 to the .body of the plate. The loops 94 'are bent. toward the` outside of the plate and act as supports for reinforcing rods 91 extending longitudinally of the conduit, and also support expanded metal reinforcements 98 which are tied to the rods. 91 and the loops 94 by wires 99. The alternate loops 95 are bent toward the inside of the conduit and reinforcing rods |00and expanded metal reinforcements |0| are secured thereto by wires |03. The loops and reinforcements act to bond Ythe cement |02 which is forcibly impacted against the plate. The loop construction shown in this embodimenty can be used in place of the lugs 24and 25 in any of the embodiments of our invention.

The efliciency of thef joint betweenvthe ends of the plates is increased-.by-welding abar. |05 to each end of the plate 90. These end bars |05 preferably are notched at their outer corners as indicated bythe reference numeral |06. 'Iliese notches act as locating. points in pressing the plates, preventing them from` sliding sideways in the dies. Furthermore, since portions of the end bars are `made thicker than the body of the plates in order to increase the emciency of the joints, it would be more dilcult to bend these thickenedsections into side anges.

The preferred form of joint where end bars |06 are welded to the ends of the liner plates is shown in Figure 17. Theend bars |05 are butt welded to the plates 90 along the line |06a. The bar 05 has a portion |01 lying substantially flush with the plate 90 and a portion |08 llying in a lower plane than the plate 90 and connected to the portion |01 by a curved or oiset portion |09. The `bar |05 has a projection ||0 fitting in a corresponding recess formed in a lbar ||2 Which is butt welded to the left-hand plate 90. The bar ||2 also has aprjojection I3 ntting in a recessjl |4 formed in the bar |05. The projections I I0 and ||3 contact along a line H5 which forms a reentrant angle extending atan angle of about 5 to the plates |05 and ||2. .The projections ||0 and H3 are prevented from becoming disengaged when the conduit is subjected to internal pressure, by bolts ||6. These bolts preferably have swelled-out shanks, as previously described, in order to iill the bolt holes when they are drawn into position by the nuts and force lthe projections into initial contact. It 'willbe noted that in this joint the contacting surfaces of the projections 0 and I3 lie in theplane' of the plates 90 and that each of the plates lies in the same plane. This eliminates any moment couple that would be present if the plates were in diierent planes, which moment couple has a tendency to shear the bolts. Most of the tension `in this joint is taken by the contact of the lugs ||0 and ||3 so that the number of bolts and bolt holes may be decreased, the principal function of the bolts being to prevent the lugs from becoming disengaged rather than to `withstand the tension of the joint. The end bars |05 are thicker than the liner plates by an amount suiiicient to compensate for the `metal removed `in the notches and bolt holes in the joint, thus maintaining the full strength of the liner even at the Joints.

In the joint illustrated in Figure 18, a plate |20 is welded to the end ofk liner plate |2|, and a similar plate |22 is welded to the other liner plate |23. The plates |20 and |22 increase the section of the joint through the bolt holes and provide increased bearing surfaces for the bolts |24 which connect the ends of the liner plates.

In Figure 19, a plate |30 is welded to the end of liner plate |3I, and a plate |32 is welded to the liner plate |33. The plates |30 and |32 engage along a line |34, these plates |30 and |32 taking most of the tension in the joint, as is the case in the embodiment shown in Figure 17. Bolts |35, which extend through the plates |30 and |32 as well as the ends of the liner plates, are provided in order to prevent the plates |30 and |32 from becoming disengaged when the conduit is subjected to internal pressure.

In the embodiment shown in Figure 20, plates |40 and |4| are butt welded to the ends of liner plates |42 and |43. The outer end of each of the plates |40 and |4| is thickened to form a stepped portion |44. The surfaces |45 are engaged by a clamping member |46 which is secured to the end plates |40 and |4| by bolts |41.

In lthe joint shown in Figure 2l, bars |50 and |5| are welded to the ends of plates |52 and |53. The outer ends |54 oi. each of the bars |50 and |6| are thickened so as to increase the bearing surface of the bolts |55 which secure the bars together.

In the joint shown in Figure 22, end bars |60 and |6| are welded to the ends of linex` plates |02 and |63. The bar |60 is curved downwardly from theplane .of the plate |62 Aandthe outer end of the bar is thickened to forman oii'set portion-|04. The bar |6| isl curved upwardly i'romthe plane of the plate |63 and its outer end is thickened and formed in an offset |65, the twoosets. |04

and |65 engaging along aline |66. -The barsv |60 and, |6| are secured by boltsl |01. In this joint also, the moment couple isveliminated since the line of contact, |66 lies in the-plane of the plates |62 and |63.V a

In the embodiment shown in-Figure 23. '1T-bars l |10 and |1| are welded to liner. platesy |12.` and |13. The flanges v|'|4 and |16 vare `secured 'by bolts |16. f .l

. `Some of` thejoints illustratedv inFigures 17 to 23, inclusive, `for examplethe joint-shown-ln Figure, 22, are designed. particularly to withstand internal pressure in the conduit. When the conduit is subjectedto internal pressure, the oiset 1 ends |64. and |65 engage alongy the line` |00. transmitting the tension through thejjoint.

In some cases, however, it is desired to form a joint adapted to withstandthe external 'pressure such as it would be subjected to if theliner were employed in large culverts `and the pressure would be exerted from the outside of the conduit. Such a [joint is illustrated in Figurev 24. Bars and |8| are butt'welded along lthe'eclges |02 and |63 to theends of liner plates. |04`and |00. The vbar |80 nasal projectionf|00 fitting into a recess |81 in the bar |8|, andthe bar |0|.has a projection |68 tting into arecess |69 in the bar |80. 'I'he bars |80v and |0| are maintained in engagement with each 'other by bolts |90. This type of joint is similar to the construction illustrated in Figure` 22, excepty that thefp'arts have beenreversed, and it will'beseen that where' as in Figure 22 the joint is 'adapted to withstand internal pressurein Figure 24 .itis adapted to Withstandexternal pressure. V4In the joint of Figure 24, when the conduit is subjected to ex` ternal pressure, the adjacent tions |86 and |88 will engageto withstand the compression.

V When the liner is employed for certain purposes, it is necessary that the joint withstand external pressure during one part of the construction of the conduit, and to withstand internal pressure after the conduit has been completed. Thus, in the case where the conduit is to be buried Iin a deep trench, cement is sprayed on,the outside of the liner and the trench is back-filled. At this stage oi the construction, the liner and joint are subjected to external pressure. 'I'he conduit is then completed by spraying cement from the inside of the conduit. When water is turned into the conduit, the liner and joint must withstand the internal hydraulic pressure. A joint adapted for such conditions is illustrated in Figure 25, in which bars |9| and |92 are butt welded to the ends of liner plates |93 and |94. The bar groove |96 in the bar |92. 'Ihe bars are maintained in engagement with each other by bolts |91. When the conduit is subjected to external pressure, the ends of liner plates |93 and |94 will be forced toward each other and the tongue |00 will engage with the recess |96 along the edge |98. When the conduit has been completed and it is subjected to internal hydraulic pressure, the ends of the liner plates will tend to be drawn apart, but will be resisted due to contact between the edge |99 of the tongue and the wall 200 of the |9| has a tongue |95 which ts into a groove-lll Thus; itlwill be seen that the joint illustrated in Figure 25 is 1adapted to withstand either internal or' externall pressure.

Y forms a permanent part of the conduit,reinfo`rcing it and preventing it from deforxnlngsubstantially whensubjected to either internal or external pressure.' fi 'Ihe conduit is made watertight by the application of cement tothe `liner plates; The cementis'prevnted from checking or cracking by- .e the reinforcing means described."-'1'he forms of joints shown,l in combination with the bolts having swelled-out Shanks, insure that there wi11-`be tight-joints-between the ends of theliner'pIates which willtransmit Ltension withoutV the conduit deforming. i l

e In any ofthe embodiments, the plates may be either corrugated orplain. The cementlmay be caused to bond to the plates either by cutting out ,openings in the platesrasshown in Figure 2, by

slitting the. body of the plate and forming lugs with free ends-as' illustrated inr Figure 6, orby slitting'the plateand formingloops, `as indicated in: Figures lv and 16. Another arrangement which may be used is -to slit the liner plate, form other slits at the ends Vofthe ilrst slit and at on angle thereto, and bend the slit portion'either out- Hardly or inwardly to act as supports for reinforcing material and space it away'from the body of -the plates. The plates may. ormay not have side flanges and may be pressed or rolled to form the desired shape. ,-Thuafchannels or I-beams couldbe rolled to form `the liner plates, although it is preferred to fornrthe plates by a pressing operation.` 'v f Wehave illustrated and described several em'- bodiments of our invention.` It is to be under- A stood,howeverfthatfthe' invention is not' limited to the forms shown, but may bek otherwise embodied within the scope of the following claims. Weclaim: .i

1. In ay conduit, a liner comprising ya plurality of liner-plates connectedto form a circumferential course, each of the plates having a flange von one side only, the bodyof each plate being' providedl with' spaced loal staggered vernb'ossnients extending circumferentially of 'the conduit and leaving flatA metal between adjacent embossments for withstandin'glongitudinal kstresses in the liner, means for connecting the plates along their sides to adjacent circumferential courses, said liner acting asa'targetf for cement sprayed against it', portions vof the plates being cut and bent into lugs extending in;` a different plane than the body portions ofl the-plates.

2. In a conduit, a' liner comprisingv a pluralityv of liner platesconnected to form a circumferential course,the body of each plate being provided j l' with spacedlocal staggered; embossments extendingv circumferentiallylof the conduit allof the metal between adjacent embossments inthe same circumferential line vbeing flat for withstanding longitudinal tension stresses in the liner, and means forconnecting the plates along their sides to adjacent circumferential courses.

' 3.l In a conduit, a liner comprisinga plurality of liner plates connected to form a circumferential course, eachof the plates having a flange'on-one side only, the body vof eachplate being provided with' spaced local staggered embossments extending circumferentially ofthe conduit and leaving at metal between adjacentembossments for withstanding longitudinal stresses yin the liner,

kand means vfor connecting the plates along theirsides to adjacent circumferential courses.

ROBERT `v.y PRocr'roR. CHARLES B. CUSHWA.A 

